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    • Ho M et al have reported that non smoking

    2018-10-25

    Ho M et al. have reported that non-smoking status is a significant predictor for malignant transformation of OED patients in the UK (Ho et al., 2012). In the present study, OED patients with a negative smoking or alcohol use history showed a higher OSCC progression rate than patients with a positive history, although the difference in cancer risk was not significant. In conclusion, P16 methylation could be used as an additional tool in helping to predict the malignant potential of OED. Combined with other diagnostic and prognostic factors, P16 methylation could help to shape an individualized treatment plan for OED patients. While it is still unknown if these results can be generalized across all populations, detection of P16 methylation should be carried out at least for Chinese OED patients.
    Authors\' Contribution
    Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest
    Acknowledgments
    Introduction Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide (Theise et al., 2014). Nearly half of all new cases of liver cancer (50.5%) and related deaths (51.4%) are estimated to occur in China (Theise et al., 2014). HCC accounts for 70–80% of all liver cancers. The survival rate of patients with HCC after the onset of symptoms is generally less than one year on the late presentation of HCC at least in part due to a lack of reliable tools for early diagnosis (Theise et al., 2014). Ultrasound is recommended as a screening tool for early detection of HCC. However, ultrasound is not very sensitive and is highly operator dependent (Poon et al., 2009). Computed tomography (CT) is not recommended as a screening tool for HCC because of the attendant endothelin receptor antagonist exposure (Poon et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2012). One current focus of HCC research is the development of a blood test to aid the diagnosis of this disease. The traditional serum biomarker for HCC, α-fetoprotein (AFP) has been found to have a sensitivity of 41–65%, and a specificity of 80–90% when a cut-off value of 20ng/ml has been used. The sensitivity was lower when AFP was used to detect early-stage HCC (Farinati et al., 2006). Many other serologic biomarkers of HCC are available, including des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP) and Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3) (Bertino et al., 2012), Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) (Shen et al., 2012), and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) (Zhao et al., 2013). However, these markers are insufficient for the early diagnosis of HCC (Yau et al., 2013; Stefaniuk et al., 2010). Therefore, there is an urgent need for the identification of novel diagnostic markers for this purpose. Recent studies have shown that the abnormal protein release by tumor cells can elicit humoral immune responses as self-antigen and are called tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Unlike autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases, autoantibodies against the TAAs have been reported in a wide variety of tumors. Some have been reported to be present several months to years before manifestations of the clinical signs of tumor (Tan et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2014; Werner et al., 2015). Furthermore, magnified signals of the anti-TAA autoantibodies can be easier to detect than TAAs themselves, suggesting that the measurement of anti-TAA antibodies may have various advantages as immunodiagnostic markers (Tan et al., 2009; Lacombe et al., 2014). Therefore, anti-TAA autoantibodies seem to have great potential value in the screening and early diagnosis of cancer. Autoantibodies against TAAs have been reported in patients with HCC, but only by a series of studies on small cohorts (Yau et al., 2013). Therefore, the potential value of the anti-TAAs as serum biomarkers for HCC especially for early stage HCC, is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to use a protein microarray system for high throughput analysis (Bruix et al., 2005) to screen for autoantibody-based serum markers for early HCC, and to evaluate the value and timing of those autoantibodies in the early diagnosis of HCC.