Small scale systems or POU systems have become the

Small scale systems or POU systems have become the most suitable methods of treatment in the rural areas as it has many advantages. It does not require large volumes of water and is not affected by difficult topography or dispersed settlement. Most small scale systems may not require electricity (Sobsey, 2002). Although small scale systems have huge advantages, factors like lack of durability, short operational life span and lack of sustainability of the system have proven over the years to be major challenges in the implementation and survival of these systems in rural communities. Membrane technology is a physical separation process, where a membrane serves as a filter to separate a mixture. There is no modification of the substances being separated. The separation is through a membrane using momentum such as a pressure difference, concentration difference, or potential difference (Pinnekamp, 2003). There is a wide application of this technology i.e. manufacturing, medical, water treatment and fuel cells. Despite the many advantages offered by membrane for water purification, they still suffer from fouling, which could add to the overall cost of running due to kinase inhibitors consumption. This paper will discuss the optimisation of the new WFMF with respect to fouling mitigation and the best cleaning methods. The optimum conditions will be included in the final development of the filtration rig for water treatment in the rural areas. These are described in Section Two; Section Three will give an outline on the result and conclusion drawn from the study.
Materials and method
Fouling mitigation strategies
Results and discussion
Fouling mitigation strategies
Conclusion
Acknowledgement The authors wish to thank the Durban University of Technology for funding this research and the Young Water Professionals for organising a workshop with respect to article writing and publication.
Introduction The waste water generated by textile and dyeing industry has a very bad effect on the environment, due to their large discharge volume and toxic composition (Eslamil and Eslamic, 2015). With the development of dye industry, the studies on the treatment dyestuffs waste water become increasingly important. The photocatalytic technology is known as an advanced oxidation processes (AOP), which requires low power consumption and can be easily controlled (Mijin et al., 2009). Moreover, the photocatalytic process does not produce secondary pollutants. The TiO2 and ZnO powders are the two main photocatalysts, which have been studied extensively during the last few years (Bai, 2009). Based on researches done over the last decades, since TiO2 nanoparticles have attracted great interest for the degradation of organic and inorganic pollutants and toxic compounds, in environmental purification owing to their high efficiency, low cost, and long term stability upon commercial use. However, its large band gap (3–3.2eV) the light interaction limits only to ultraviolet (UV) region. To overcome these limitations, many studies have been performed to extend the spectral response of anatase to visible light and to enhance its photocatalytic activity by doping and co-doping with metals and non-metals have been shown to be among the most effective (Zhang et al., 2013; Yu et al., 2010). Recently, Sun woo Kim et al. (2008) reported the degradation of toluene under visible light using Zr, S co-doped TiO2. Chengxin Fu et al. (2016) were studied B, Zr co-doped TiO2 and modulation of microstructure for degradation of methylene blue. The Zn, N co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared and their photocatalytic activity was studied by Zhang et al. (2012). Considering of the above studies and importance of visible light responsive nanomaterial it is very commendable to search for new nanomaterial with appropriate crystal phase, particle size, prepared by the sol–gel method. For various combinations, the Ba and Zr co-doped TiO2 may draw special interest and zirconium not only increases the surface area but also thermally stabilize the TiO2 which retard the combination of electrons and holes (Kim et al., 2008). On the other side Ba2+ is more electropositive and it can facilitate to form less dence anatace phase TiO2 which leads to high photocatalytic active (Venkatachalam et al., 2007). Hence, Barium (Ba2+) large ionic radii (1.3 Å) of alkaline earth metal and Zirconium (Zr4+) a transition metal of (0.79 Å) ionic radii compared to Ti4+ (0.68 Å), as metal ion dopants to TiO2 and to inspect its photocatalytic activity by degrading a dye pollutant RhB. In the present work the comparative rate study and efficiency of pure TiO2 and co-doped TiO2 was performed on initial concentration of pollutant, pH of solution, and the dosage of catalyst.