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  • T lymphocytes play an important role in cellular and humoral

    2021-09-14

    T lymphocytes play an important role in cellular and humoral immunity and immune responses (Shin and Iwasaki, 2013; Schenkel and Masopust, 2014). T Phentolamine Mesylate receptor mature after complex selection and differentiation in the thymus. They can express various membrane proteins, such as CD3, CD4, and CD8 molecules, and T-cell antigen receptors at different stages of differentiation and maturation. Among them, CD3 molecules are the characteristic surface markers of mature T cells. Usually, T cells are heterogeneous groups detected in the blood (Staal et al., 2001; Xi and Kersh, 2004; Blom and Spits, 2006). At present, after being stained with tricolor fluorescent antibody, the T lymphocytes can be divided into eight types: CD3−CD4−CD8−, CD3−CD4+CD8−, CD3−CD4−CD8+, CD3−CD4+CD8+, CD3+CD4−CD8−, CD3+CD4+CD8−, CD3+CD4−CD8+, and CD3+CD4+CD8+. Among them, CD3+CD4+ T cells are called helper T lymphocytes or T helper cells (Th cells); they facilitate the activation of other immune cells by releasing T cell cytokines and suppress or regulate immune responses. They are essential in B cell antibody class switching, activation and growth of cytotoxic T (Tc) cells, and maximizing the bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages (Lederman et al., 1992; Kalams and Walker, 1998; Pardoll and Topalian, 1998; Wang, 2001, Wang, 2003; Hoyer et al., 2014). CD3+CD8+ T cells are called cytotoxic T lymphocytes; they kill cancer cells, infected cells (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways (Hadrup et al., 2006; Nishimura et al., 2009). Another important molecule in adaptive immunity is immunoglobulin (Ig). Igs, which are antibodies, are produced by plasma cells that are differentiated from B lymphocytes and mediate humoral immunity. Igs are divided into five categories: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. The main component of an antibody in serum and body fluids is IgG, which accounts for approximately 80% of the total serum Igs and is the main antibody for secondary immune response (Wang et al., 2014b). The major histocompatibility complex (MHC), also called the leukocyte antigen, is a set of proteins on the cell surface and is essential for the adaptive immune system. Classes I and II of MHC molecules (MHC I and MHC II) can be recognized by CD8+T and CD4+T cells, respectively (Kulski et al., 2002; Hewitt, 2003). The genes encoding the swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) are located at both sides of the centromere of the 7th chromosome (Smith et al., 1995; Baskin and Pomp, 1998; Ho et al., 2010). SLA is a gene cluster that has abundant genetic diversity, and SLA is one of the most important determinants in the immune response of pigs to pathogens and vaccines (Piriou-Guzylack and Salmon, 2008). They have a strong correlation with disease resistance (Tissot et al., 1989; Vaiman et al., 1998; Geffrotin et al., 2004; He et al., 2011). In porcine immune responses, SLA II molecules specifically bind to CD4+T cells' adhesion molecules and then transmit antigenic signals from CD4 molecules and activate T cells (Piriou-Guzylack and Salmon, 2008). Among these gene clusters of SLA II, the SLA-DOB gene is involved in the antigen presentation of SLA II. In our previous study, we found that SLA-DOB and CD4 genes related to NF-κB and interferon (IFN) signaling pathways were significantly upregulated after immune stimulation of PK15 cells with virus-like dsRNA (Wang et al., 2014a). Meanwhile, CD4 gene encodes CD4 molecules that are associated with the immunity of pigs (Wang et al., 2014b). Flori et al. (2008) investigated the interaction between pseudorabies virus and PK15 cells using the Qiagen-NRSP8 chip and found that the expression of SLA-DOB and CD4 was upregulated 4 h after infection. Both of these genes are involved in the functional regulation of virus-like dsRNA responses in pig host cells. Therefore, we selected these two genes as immune-related candidate genes for correlation analysis in this study.