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  • sglt inhibitors br Introduction Circulating tumor cells CTCs

    2021-09-22


    Introduction Circulating tumor sglt inhibitors (CTCs) are cancer cells that have invaded blood vessels or lymphatics and are carried around the body by the blood. CTCs constitute potential seeds for metastasis because they can reach and implant into distant organs. The clinical importance of CTCs was highlighted in the 1990s with the demonstration of the presence of CTCs early in the disease course. Subsequent research demonstrated the pivotal role of CTCs in the metastatic spread of carcinoma. The latest American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual confirmed the significance of CTC detection and set cM0 (i+) as a stage between M0 and M1. The detection of CTCs using the CellSearch system (Veridex, Raritan, NJ) can predict chemotherapy efficacy.6, 7, 8 Biopsy of the primary tumor is invasive, cannot be used repeatedly, may miss tumor areas with more aggressive features, and is ineffective for understanding the risk of metastasis, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness. Because blood can be easily sampled and because CTCs represent disease activity, “liquid biopsies” can reveal the status of the disease and provide important data for patient management and prognosis. The clinical use of CTCs is not limited to simply counting the cells. Indeed, the use of molecular tests on CTCs is now possible, and this represents the most important and practical application for individualized medicine. Taking breast cancer as an example, patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) CTCs could, possibly, benefit from trastuzumab-based therapies, despite a biopsy suggesting a HER2-negative (HER2−) primary tumor, because a biopsy and sections from a surgical specimen can miss aggressive HER2+ foci arising from specific HER2+ clones.11, 12 Nevertheless, there are still some limitations in CTC-HER2 detection. First, the different methods of detection (immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization) have different sensitivity values.13, 14 Second, there is no consensus about the cutoff value for diagnosis and prognosis.15, 16, 17 Finally, most studies are based on the CellSearch platform because it is the only United States Food and Drug Administration-approved platform currently, but the CellSearch platform has been shown to have a number of limitations. Indeed, the CellSearch platform is based on the restricted phenotypic sglt inhibitors definition of a CTCs (cells of epithelial origin expressing cytokeratin but not CD45) and so excludes many classes of informative cells because the system only allows for the detection of CK+ CD45− cells and does not allow customization for the detection of other cellular characteristics, such as the expression of HER2, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor.18, 19, 20
    Material and Methods
    Results
    Discussion Many previous studies of CTCs are based on the CellSearch platform, but CellSearch has a number of limitations, and it does not allow molecular analysis of CTCs.18, 19, 20 Therefore, the present study aimed to use the LiquidBiopsy system and immunofluorescence to test the HER2 status of CTCs of patients with breast cancer. The results suggest that HER2+ CTCs detected by the LiquidBiopsy system are associated with the HER2 status of breast cancer by pathologic examination. The cell lines experiments showed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (99.9%) using a HER2/CD45 fluorescence ratio of 3.5. The present study showed that the LiquidBiopsy system is able to capture breast cancer cells that were spiked among large numbers of WBCs. Based on these experiments, HER2+ CTCs were defined as CTCs with HER2 immunofluorescence intensity that was ≥ 3.5 times higher than the CD45 immunofluorescence intensity (100% sensitivity and 99.9% specificity). In addition, the system was able to detect HER2+ CTCs in patients with early breast cancer who had not received targeted therapy. This is supported by previous studies that also showed the presence of CTCs in patients with early breast cancer, albeit using different methods of detection.22, 23, 24, 25, 26